Geothermal Energy in the Himalayas: Opportunities, Challenges, and the Agneyodgara (Lava Energy) Concept
Abstract Title: Geothermal Energy in the Himalayas: Opportunities, Challenges, and the Agneyodgara (Lava Energy) Concept Author: Dr. Ritesh Arya The Himalayas, known for their tectonic dynamism, host several geothermal provinces including Puga, Chumathang, Panamik, and Manikaran. These geothermal fields, linked to deep-seated faults and magmatic intrusions, represent untapped renewable resources capable of transforming the energy landscape of India. Field investigations by the author since the 1990s have documented hot springs, fumaroles, and hydrothermal alterations indicating the presence of shallow geothermal reservoirs. The Puga geothermal field in Ladakh, one of the most promising sites, has recorded temperatures exceeding 200°C at shallow depths, placing it in the high-enthalpy category suitable for power generation. Beyond Puga, low- to medium-enthalpy systems can be harnessed for space heating, greenhouse agriculture, and geotourism, thereby offering socio-economic upli...