Geothermal Energy in the Himalayas: Opportunities, Challenges, and the Agneyodgara (Lava Energy) Concept


Abstract

Title: Geothermal Energy in the Himalayas: Opportunities, Challenges, and the Agneyodgara (Lava Energy) Concept
Author: Dr. Ritesh Arya

The Himalayas, known for their tectonic dynamism, host several geothermal provinces including Puga, Chumathang, Panamik, and Manikaran. These geothermal fields, linked to deep-seated faults and magmatic intrusions, represent untapped renewable resources capable of transforming the energy landscape of India. Field investigations by the author since the 1990s have documented hot springs, fumaroles, and hydrothermal alterations indicating the presence of shallow geothermal reservoirs.

The Puga geothermal field in Ladakh, one of the most promising sites, has recorded temperatures exceeding 200°C at shallow depths, placing it in the high-enthalpy category suitable for power generation. Beyond Puga, low- to medium-enthalpy systems can be harnessed for space heating, greenhouse agriculture, and geotourism, thereby offering socio-economic upliftment to remote Himalayan communities.

The innovative Agneyodgara (Lava Energy) concept, proposed by the author and recognized internationally, envisions harnessing the enormous thermal potential of subsurface magma to generate GigaWatt-scale clean energy. While technically ambitious, it highlights the necessity of reimagining geothermal development in India beyond conventional approaches.

This paper reviews the historical neglect of geothermal energy in India, identifies key geological indicators for exploration, and outlines pathways for integrating geothermal with local development. With proper policy support, geothermal energy can provide a 24×7 carbon-neutral alternative to fossil fuels, strengthen energy security, and position India as a leader in sustainable Himalayan development.

Keywords: Geothermal Energy, Himalayas, Puga, Agneyodgara, Lava Energy, Renewable Resources, Ladakh


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